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2 - Vol 29, No.2, 2026
- Chin J Dent Res 2026;29(2):185–190; doi: 10.3290/j.cjdr.b7044066
- Odonto-hypophosphatasia with Tooth Agenesis: a Case Report
- Tao Yun XU, Xin Yue GUO, Bai Ze ZHANG, Xiao Hong DUAN
- Odonto-hypophosphatasia (odonto-HPP) is a mild form of hypophosphatasia (HPP) characterized by premature exfoliation of primary and/or permanent teeth accompanied by low serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity levels, without abnormalities of the skeletal system. Tooth agenesis (TA) is a common developmental anomaly characterised by the absence of one or more teeth due to the failure of tooth formation. In this study, the present authors report on a family simultaneously affected by odonto-HPP and TA for the first time. Comprehensive genetic analysis identified two novel missense variants (c.103G>A and c.247G>A) in the ALPL gene associated with odonto-HPP and no pathogenic variants in the reported TA genes, which may expand the genetic spectrum of odonto-HPP and imply an unforeseen additional dental
  abnormality associated with HPP.
  
  Keywords: ALPL, odonto-hypophosphatasia, premature loss of primary teeth, tooth agenesis, variant
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- Chin J Dent Res 2026;29(2):91–118; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b7044034
- Functional Hydrogels for Intraoral Wound Care: Research Progress and Design Strategies
- Zi Xin PAN, Wen Jie MA, Chao SI, Chun Ru KONG, Jia Kai QIAO, Xiao Duo TANG, Bei CHANG, Hong Chen SUN
- Oral soft tissue defects resulting from trauma, infections, tumour resection or congenital disorders present significant clinical challenges, impairing functions like mastication, speech and aesthetics. Current therapeutic approaches, including free gingival grafts (FGGs) and connective tissue grafts (CTGs), are associated with certain clinical limitations, such as donor site morbidity and structural fragility. Hydrogels are attractive biomaterials for oral soft tissue repair owing to their biocompatibility, tunable mechanics and extracellular matrix-mimicking properties. This review comprehensively explores hydrogel applications in oral wound healing, focusing on the histological structure of oral mucosa and unique challenges of the oral environment; design strategies using natural and synthetic polymers; advanced manufacturing strategies, such as 3D bioprinting, electrospinning and microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technology; and therapeutic applications in mucosa repair, gingival regeneration and periodontal therapy.
  
  Keywords: biomaterials, drug delivery, hydrogel, oral soft tissue regeneration, tissue engineering
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- Chin J Dent Res 2026;29(2):119–128; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b7044041
- Expert Consensus on the Evaluation of Orthodontic Treatment Outcomes
- Chinese Stomatological Association Group Standards T/CHSA 100-2025, Committee of Orthodontics, Chinese Stomatological Association
- To overcome the reliance on subjective clinical judgment and the inadequacy of international indices in reflecting Chinese orthodontic expertise and patient characteristics, the Chinese Stomatological Association developed an expert consensus on orthodontic treatment outcome evaluation. This first systematically calibrated framework tailored to Chinese populations was established through an extensive process: comprehensive literature review, analysis of the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) and the American Board of Orthodontics Objective Grading System (ABO-OGS) indices and a large-scale subjective-objective correlation study involving 65 standing committee members evaluating 216 completed cases. The resulting 3D evaluation system encompasses occlusal relationships, root and bone health and facial profile harmony. Occlusal assessment includes six core indicators: incisor horizontal overlap, vertical overlap, sagittal relationship, alignment, occlusal contact and buccal lingual inclination. Root and bone health evaluation mandates CBCT-based assessment of root resorption, fenestration and dehiscence, the first mandatory inclusion of 3D radiographic evaluation in orthodontic outcome standards. Facial profile analysis comprises five cephalometric measurements (ANB, MP/SN, Sn-GPos, UL-E and Bs-GPos) evaluated using a standardised difference method. Each dimension provides detailed specifications for evaluation materials, objective indicators, measurement methods, scoring criteria and a five-grade classification (excellent, good, fair, poor and worst) based on total deduction scores aligned with expert consensus percentiles. This consensus aims to standardise clinical practice, establish a scientific foundation for treatment quality control and specialist certification, provide morphological evaluation criteria for research and enhance orthodontic care quality in China. Despite being focused on static morphology, the framework is designed to accommodate future integration of functional assessment and long-term stability evaluation.
  
  Keywords: cephalometry, expert consensus, occlusal assessment, orthodontics, root resorption, treatment outcome
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- Chin J Dent Res 2026;29(2):129–149; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b7044042
- Expert Consensus on Clinical Application for Digital Fullcontour High-translucent/Ultra-translucent Zirconia Restorations
- Shi Ming LIU, Ya Ke WANG, Chen Min YAO, Jie Fei SHEN, Wei Cai LIU, Li Na NIU, Chun XU, Chu Fan MA, Zhe WU, Ke ZHAO, Dan Dan PEI, Hong Bo LI, Ya Ming CHEN, Yu Wei WU, Jun Ling WU, Xiao Dan SUN, Hai Lin LIU, Fei Lie ZHONG, Zhuo Qun YAN, Hai Yan WU, Mou Shan LIU, Hong Chang LAI, Jun Yu SHI, Zhong Hao LIU, Yi MAN, Feng LIU, Cui HUANG
- This expert consensus addressed the use of digital full-contour high-translucent/ultra-translucent (HT/UT) zirconia restorations. HT/UT zirconia, stabilised with 4 mol% to 6 mol% yttria, balances flexural strength (550 to 1100 MPa) and enhanced translucency (45% to 55% light transmission) through a cubic-tetragonal microstructure while maintaining excellent biocompatibility and aging resistance. Clinical applications include single crowns, short-span bridges, veneers (0.3 to 1.0 mm) and implant-supported prostheses (screw-/cement-retained with specific thickness requirements). The digital workflow involves precise preparation, digital impressions, computer-aided design, milling, sintering and post-processing (surface polishing to Ra ≤ 0.25 μm). A lack of unified standards causes variable practices in the clinic. This consensus provides guidelines to standardise procedures, promoting predictable quality and long-term success of HT/UT zirconia restorations.
  
  Keywords: aesthetics, digital design, high-translucent zirconia, mechanical properties, ultratranslucent zirconia
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- Chin J Dent Res 2026;29(2):151–161; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b7044059
- Cephalometric Norms for Chinese Individuals Based on Expert Consensus Evaluation of Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs
- Han Wei ZHENG, Chen Da MENG, Huan Huan CHEN, Guang Ying SONG, Yue LAI, Bing HAN, Tian Min XU
- Objective: To establish cephalometric normative reference values based on the subjective consensus of Chinese orthodontic experts regarding the evaluation of lateral cephalometric radiographs.
  Methods: This study included 120 patients in the permanent dentition stage who visited the Department of Orthodontics at Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology between 2022 and 2025. The participants were divided into two groups: an adolescent group (n = 60, aged 14.40 ± 1.70 years, 30 boys and 30 girls) and an adult group (n = 60, aged 24.33 ± 5.65 years, 30 men and 30 women). Lateral cephalometric radiographs were analysed by two PhD students and one postdoctoral researcher from the Department of Orthodontics. Through statistical analysis, cephalometric normative values were established for Tweed, Downs, Steiner and Peking University analysis methods as well as for soft tissue measurements, and comparisons were made between the two age groups.
  Results: A reference standard for cephalometric normative values was developed, reflecting the consensus of Chinese orthodontic experts in assessing profile harmony. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were identified between the adolescent and adult groups in the normative values of FMA (MPA), GoGN/SN, SE and G-Sn-Pos.
  Conclusion: Expert consensus evaluation of lateral cephalometric radiographs provides a more objective basis for identifying harmonious samples. This enables the derivation of more accurate cephalometric normative values for sagittal skeletal measurements and soft tissue parameters.
  
  Keywords: cephalometric analysis, expert consensus, normative values, profile harmony
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- Chin J Dent Res 2026;29(2):163–174; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b7044060
- Effect of Labial-lingual Inclination of Maxillary Incisors on Aesthetic Assessment for Smile Profiles with Different Chin Positions
- Rui Ying HAN, Fu Shuang LIU, Eunice Chan Jie YU, Bin LI, Yi Kai HE, Wan Xi CHEN, Tian Yi WANG, Ding BAI, Yong Wen GUO
- Objective: To explore and visualise how different degrees of labio-lingual inclination of the maxillary incisors affect the aesthetic assessment of smiling profiles in people with various chin positions. Different perceptions from professionals and non-professionals are outlined in this study.
  Methods: A profile photograph with a clear facial contour and a full smile was captured and then edited into a series of 49 smiling profile pictures, with seven variations in both chin position and maxillary incisor inclination. A MaxDiff survey was conducted to rank the photos according to the aesthetic preference of orthodontists and laypeople. The data were then evaluated using count analysis and hierarchical Bayes estimation.
  Results: Upright and mild lingual inclination (0 to 5 degrees) of the maxillary incisors generally gained higher acceptance in both groups when chin protrusion was not taken into consideration, whereas the opposite was true for labial inclination. The acceptance of excessive lingual inclination (10 to 15 degrees) of the central incisor in laypeople was significantly higher than in orthodontists. Both groups suggested that as chin retrusion increases (6 mm), increasing maxillary incisor lingual inclination (10 degrees) is preferred. When chin retrusion was greater (6 mm), upright or mild lingual inclination (0 to 5 degrees) was considered acceptable by orthodontists, but greater lingual inclination (5 to 15 degrees) was also acceptable by laypeople.
  Conclusion: Both labio-lingual inclination of maxillary incisors and chin position play an essential role in the aesthetic assessment of smile profiles. The ideal value for maxillary incisor inclination varies with chin position.
  
  Keywords: chin prominence, facial profile, labio-lingual inclination, maxillary central incisors, smile aesthetics
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- Chin J Dent Res 2026;29(2):175–184; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b7044063
- Effect of the Spatial Position of Transfer Fork Markers on the Accuracy of Digital Virtual Patient Registration
- Shi Rui QIU, Rui Tao CAO, Sheng Han GAO, Dan Ni GUO, Shao Xia PAN
- Objective: To investigate the impact of spatial positions of the transfer fork registration markers on the accuracy of generating a virtual dentofacial patient.
  Methods: An in vitro study was conducted using a mannequin head with a standard maxillary dentition model. Radiopaque gauge markers were fixed on the face and dentition of the mannequin head. CBCT was performed and the distance and angle between the dentition and facial markers were measured in the CBCT as reference values. Intraoral scanners were used to obtain 3D morphological data of the maxilla. Two types of transfer fork were designed and fabricated. The registration markers on transfer fork A were positioned in the midline area, while those on transfer fork B were located at the corners of the mouth on both sides. The transfer forks were digitised and connected to the maxillary dentition within the mannequin head, and facial scanning was performed using a facial scanner five times in each group. A virtual dentofacial patient was built through matching and integration of digital dentition, face and transfer fork data using 3D reverse engineering software (Geomagic Wrap 2021, 3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA). Measurement values including feature lengths and feature angles between six facial gauge markers and three dentition gauge markers were obtained in the virtual patients.
  Results: The mean trueness and precision of linear difference for virtual patients established using transfer fork A were −1.00 ± 0.11 mm and 0.27 ± 0.02 mm and the angle deviation was −1.88 ± 0.27 degrees, whereas for transfer fork B, the mean trueness and precision of linear difference were 2.66 ± 0.25 mm and 0.83 ± 0.06 mm, and the angle deviation was 3.74 ± 0.87 degrees. There is an overall significant difference in the trueness values of feature lengths (t = −13.963, P = 0.000) and angles (t = −5.985, P = 0.004) between transfer fork groups A and B, with group A showing better trueness and precision.
  Conclusion: Linear and angular errors will be introduced in the process of building up a virtual dentofacial patient using a transfer fork. The trueness and precision of the transfer fork with the matching markers at the centre of the lips are more precise than the transfer fork, with matching markers on both sides of the mouth.
  
  Keywords: digital virtual patient, spatial position, transfer fork
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- Total: 7